Optimising Parking Accessibility Near Healthcare and Educational Facilities in Melbourne

Scenario

As an urban planner in the city of Melbourne, I want to identify areas near healthcare and educational facilities where parking is limited but demand is high, So that I can make informed decisions about improving parking infrastructure and accessibility for patients, students, and staff.

What this use case will teach you

At the end of this use case you will:

Introduction

In growing cities like Melbourne, healthcare and educational facilities are essential parts of the community and attract high numbers of daily visitors. These places often have a lot of foot traffic, especially during rush hours. However, there is not always enough parking nearby for patients, students, and staff. This can cause inconvinience, delays, and access issues, especially for patients, students, and people who need these services.

This use case aims to explore parking accessibility around healthcare and educational institutions in Melbourne. By analysing data on car park capacity, facility locations, and pedestrian movement, the project seeks to identify areas with high demand but limited parking. The results will support urban planners in making informed decisions to improve parking infrastructure and future city planning.

Datasets

Data Integration

Linking landmarks with nearby public parking

We combined data from landmarks (such as hospitals and schools) with nearby public parking locations. The distance between each landmark and every car park was calculated using their geographic coordinates. If a car park was located within 400 metres of a landmark, it was counted as nearby, and its number of parking spaces was included in the total. We also recorded the building addresses of these car parks to provide more location context.

feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 [Melbourne Museum 11 Nicholson Street CARLTON ...
1 Melbourne Grammar School Education Centre -37.834256 144.976285 1 98 [415-421 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004]
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T...
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30...
4 Royal Childrens Hospital Health Services -37.794206 144.950048 1 2000 [Royal Childrens Hospital 48-50 Flemington Roa...

Linking landmarks with pedestrian data

Each landmark was matched with pedestrian sensors located within a 400-metre radius. For each location, we calculated the average number of pedestrians detected nearby using 2024 sensor data. This provides an indication of foot traffic volume around that site. If no sensor was found near a landmark, the average pedestrian count was set to zero.

feature_name avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School 181.88 20 436 181.88
1 Melbourne Grammar School 0.00 no data 0 no data
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre 0.00 no data 0 no data
3 Royal Womens Hospital 0.00 no data 0 no data
4 Royal Childrens Hospital 0.00 no data 0 no data

Combining parking and pedestrian data for each landmark

The parking and pedestrian datasets were merged using the landmark’s feature_name as a common key. This created a single summary table that includes both the total nearby parking spaces and the average pedestrian activity for each landmark. This integrated view helps assess demand and accessibility at each location.

feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 [Melbourne Museum 11 Nicholson Street CARLTON ... 181.88 20 436 181.88
1 Melbourne Grammar School Education Centre -37.834256 144.976285 1 98 [415-421 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004] 0.00 no data 0 no data
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T... 0.00 no data 0 no data
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30... 0.00 no data 0 no data
4 Royal Childrens Hospital Health Services -37.794206 144.950048 1 2000 [Royal Childrens Hospital 48-50 Flemington Roa... 0.00 no data 0 no data
5 North Melbourne Primary School Education Centre -37.798674 144.951066 1 958 [Royal Womens Hospital 18-22 Flemington Road P... 0.00 no data 0 no data
6 BIO 21 Institute Education Centre -37.797874 144.953780 3 2182 [Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre 301-327... 0.00 no data 0 no data
7 Royal Melbourne Hospital Health Services -37.799307 144.956390 6 3849 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30... 0.00 no data 0 no data
8 RMIT University Education Centre -37.808080 144.964453 6 3197 [Melbourne Central 183-265 La Trobe Street MEL... 701.35 17 1434 701.35
9 Peter Maccallum Cancer Institute Health Services -37.811477 144.977401 2 624 [33-61 Cathedral Place EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002... 0.00 no data 0 no data

Check for shared or overlapping car parks

We analysed whether certain public car parks were counted for multiple landmarks. This helps identify car parks that may serve more than one nearby facility, which is important when considering shared resources or potential congestion.

Shared car parks (used by more than one landmark):
parking_addresses
Royal Womens Hospital 18-22 Flemington Road PARKVILLE VIC 3050                     6
Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre 301-327 Grattan Street MELBOURNE VIC 3000    5
Royal Melbourne Hospital 300-328 Grattan Street PARKVILLE VIC 3050                 5
Carpark Melbourne University 220 Berkeley Street CARLTON VIC 3053                  4
94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002                                         3
The Albert 158 Albert Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002                               3
298-336 Victoria Parade EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002                                    3
RMIT Village 5-17 Flemington Road NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 3051                         3
Kenneth Myer Building 144 30 Royal Parade PARKVILLE VIC 3010                       2
33-61 Cathedral Place EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002                                      2
553 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004                                               2
6-30 Tyne Street CARLTON VIC 3053                                                  2
368-386 Lygon Street CARLTON VIC 3053                                              2
265-281 Faraday Street CARLTON VIC 3053                                            2
204-218 Lygon Street CARLTON VIC 3053                                              2
410-418 Albert Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002                                      2
58-66 La Trobe Street MELBOURNE VIC 3000                                           2
QV Retail & Parking 221 Little Lonsdale Street MELBOURNE VIC 3000                  2
Melbourne Central 183-265 La Trobe Street MELBOURNE VIC 3000                       2
14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 3051                                    2
Carlton Clocktower Complex 247-253 Drummond Street CARLTON VIC 3053                2
Alfred Hospital 23-99 Commercial Road PRAHRAN VIC 3181                             2
Name: count, dtype: int64

We found that some car parks are used by several landmarks:

Combining public transport data for each landmark

The nearby bus stops and tram tracks were calculated based on their distance to each landmark. Landmarks within 400 metres of bus stops or tram tracks were counted and stored as nearby_bus_stops and nearby_tram_tracks. These results were then merged into the landmark summary table.

This helps provide a more complete view of each location’s public transport accessibility, which may influence parking demand and ease of access.

feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display nearby_bus_stops nearby_tram_tracks
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 [Melbourne Museum 11 Nicholson Street CARLTON ... 181.88 20 436 181.88 14 0
1 Melbourne Grammar School Education Centre -37.834256 144.976285 1 98 [415-421 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004] 0.00 no data 0 no data 6 13
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T... 0.00 no data 0 no data 0 12
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30... 0.00 no data 0 no data 13 29
4 Royal Childrens Hospital Health Services -37.794206 144.950048 1 2000 [Royal Childrens Hospital 48-50 Flemington Roa... 0.00 no data 0 no data 7 11

Shared parking space adjustment

We adjust the number of public parking spaces available to each hospital or school when those spaces are shared with other nearby locations. It starts by listing every combination of landmarks and the car parks near them. Then, it counts how many landmarks are linked to each parking area. Instead of giving each landmark the full parking count, it divides the total equally among the ones sharing it. Finally, it adds up the adjusted numbers for each landmark, giving a more accurate view of how much parking is truly available to them. This helps avoid double-counting and supports better planning for areas where parking is shared.

feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display nearby_bus_stops nearby_tram_tracks adjusted_total_public_spaces
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 [Melbourne Museum 11 Nicholson Street CARLTON ... 181.88 20 436 181.88 14 0 1000.000000
1 Melbourne Grammar School Education Centre -37.834256 144.976285 1 98 [415-421 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004] 0.00 no data 0 no data 6 13 98.000000
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T... 0.00 no data 0 no data 0 12 286.666667
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30... 0.00 no data 0 no data 13 29 759.640000
4 Royal Childrens Hospital Health Services -37.794206 144.950048 1 2000 [Royal Childrens Hospital 48-50 Flemington Roa... 0.00 no data 0 no data 7 11 2000.000000
feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display shared_by shared_space adjusted_space
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 Melbourne Museum 11 Nicholson Street CARLTON V... 181.88 20 436 181.88 1.0 500.000000 500.000000
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 204-218 Lygon Street CARLTON VIC 3053 181.88 20 436 181.88 2.0 500.000000 250.000000
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 Carlton Clocktower Complex 247-253 Drummond St... 181.88 20 436 181.88 2.0 500.000000 250.000000
1 Melbourne Grammar School Education Centre -37.834256 144.976285 1 98 415-421 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004 0.00 no data 0 no data 1.0 98.000000 98.000000
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002 0.00 no data 0 no data 3.0 286.666667 95.555556
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 The Albert 158 Albert Street EAST MELBOURNE VI... 0.00 no data 0 no data 3.0 286.666667 95.555556
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 298-336 Victoria Parade EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002 0.00 no data 0 no data 3.0 286.666667 95.555556
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 3051 0.00 no data 0 no data 2.0 542.600000 271.300000
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 RMIT Village 5-17 Flemington Road NORTH MELBOU... 0.00 no data 0 no data 3.0 542.600000 180.866667
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre 301-327 ... 0.00 no data 0 no data 5.0 542.600000 108.520000

Parking Demand Analysis

Parking Demand Risk Classification

We calculated the parking demand risk by comparing the number of available parking spaces to the number of pedestrians during peak hours. A new value, parking_per_peak_person, was calculated to represent how many parking spaces are available for each person during the busiest time. Based on this ratio, we classified each landmark into demand risk levels: High, Moderate, or Low. This helps identify locations where parking may be insufficient during peak times and supports decision-making for parking improvements.

feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display nearby_bus_stops nearby_tram_tracks adjusted_total_public_spaces parking_per_peak_person demand_risk
0 Carlton Gardens Primary School Education Centre -37.802095 144.969406 3 1500 [Melbourne Museum 11 Nicholson Street CARLTON ... 181.88 20 436 181.88 14 0 1000.000000 2.288330 Low
1 Melbourne Grammar School Education Centre -37.834256 144.976285 1 98 [415-421 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004] 0.00 no data 0 no data 6 13 98.000000 98.000000 Unknown
2 Epworth Freemasons Hospital : Medical Centre Health Services -37.809344 144.982337 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T... 0.00 no data 0 no data 0 12 286.666667 286.666667 Unknown
3 Royal Womens Hospital Health Services -37.798889 144.954897 5 2713 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30... 0.00 no data 0 no data 13 29 759.640000 759.640000 Unknown
4 Royal Childrens Hospital Health Services -37.794206 144.950048 1 2000 [Royal Childrens Hospital 48-50 Flemington Roa... 0.00 no data 0 no data 7 11 2000.000000 2000.000000 Unknown
5 North Melbourne Primary School Education Centre -37.798674 144.951066 1 958 [Royal Womens Hospital 18-22 Flemington Road P... 0.00 no data 0 no data 10 11 159.666667 159.666667 Unknown
6 BIO 21 Institute Education Centre -37.797874 144.953780 3 2182 [Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre 301-327... 0.00 no data 0 no data 13 17 412.155556 412.155556 Unknown
7 Royal Melbourne Hospital Health Services -37.799307 144.956390 6 3849 [14-20 Blackwood Street NORTH MELBOURNE VIC 30... 0.00 no data 0 no data 12 29 1058.475000 1058.475000 Unknown
8 RMIT University Education Centre -37.808080 144.964453 6 3197 [Melbourne Central 183-265 La Trobe Street MEL... 701.35 17 1434 701.35 3 34 2397.750000 1.670906 Low
9 Peter Maccallum Cancer Institute Health Services -37.811477 144.977401 2 624 [33-61 Cathedral Place EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002... 0.00 no data 0 no data 0 19 312.000000 312.000000 Unknown
10 Epworth Freemasons Hospital Health Services -37.810971 144.983700 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T... 0.00 no data 0 no data 0 11 286.666667 286.666667 Unknown
11 Melbourne Private Hospital Health Services -37.798311 144.957288 6 3658 [RMIT Village 5-17 Flemington Road NORTH MELBO... 0.00 no data 0 no data 14 27 1005.950000 1005.950000 Unknown
12 The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital Health Services -37.808752 144.976268 3 1124 [33-61 Cathedral Place EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002... 232.86 12 643 232.86 0 27 749.333333 1.163561 Moderate
13 Kangan Batman Tafe Education Centre -37.822182 144.948908 4 1396 [Melbourne Convention Centre Carpark 671-701 F... 386.11 8 1159 386.11 0 19 1396.000000 1.203448 Moderate
14 University of Melbourne Education Centre -37.798289 144.960995 3 1736 [Carpark Melbourne University 220 Berkeley Str... 150.05 17 336 150.05 11 11 723.333333 2.146390 Low
15 Carlton Primary School Education Centre -37.795908 144.970147 2 369 [368-386 Lygon Street CARLTON VIC 3053, 6-30 T... 223.98 13 448 223.98 17 10 184.500000 0.410913 High
16 Wesley College Education Centre -37.848520 144.982228 2 1912 [553 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004, Alfred ... 0.00 no data 0 no data 7 8 956.000000 956.000000 Unknown
17 University of Melbourne (VCA and Music) Education Centre -37.824114 144.969333 2 1286 [NGV International 130-200 St Kilda Road SOUTH... 743.19 13 1683 743.19 12 12 1286.000000 0.763658 Moderate
18 University High School Education Centre -37.797314 144.956034 3 2182 [Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre 301-327... 0.00 no data 0 no data 11 21 412.155556 412.155556 Unknown
19 Kensington Primary School Education Centre -37.792524 144.927109 0 0 [] 80.48 12 168 80.48 5 0 0.000000 0.000000 High
20 Alfred Hospital Health Services -37.846263 144.981786 3 1920 [553 St Kilda Road MELBOURNE VIC 3004, Alfred ... 0.00 no data 0 no data 6 6 1280.000000 1280.000000 Unknown
21 Royal Dental Hospital Health Services -37.799507 144.964527 8 3939 [204-218 Lygon Street CARLTON VIC 3053, Carpar... 175.96 17 338 175.96 15 14 2338.781250 6.899060 Low
22 Melbourne Girls Grammar School Education Centre -37.831536 144.985089 0 0 [] 0.00 no data 0 no data 2 1 0.000000 0.000000 Unknown
23 Mercy Private Hospital Health Services -37.811897 144.984436 3 860 [94-106 Grey Street EAST MELBOURNE VIC 3002, T... 0.00 no data 0 no data 0 8 286.666667 286.666667 Unknown
24 State Library Victoria Community Use -37.809985 144.964330 10 3946 [222-260 Elizabeth Street MELBOURNE VIC 3000, ... 627.02 17 1301 627.02 2 36 3354.100000 2.576114 Low
feature_name theme latitude longitude nearby_public_carparks total_public_spaces parking_addresses avg_pedestrian_count peak_hour peak_pedestrian_count pedestrian_display nearby_bus_stops nearby_tram_tracks adjusted_total_public_spaces parking_per_peak_person demand_risk
15 Carlton Primary School Education Centre -37.795908 144.970147 2 369 [368-386 Lygon Street CARLTON VIC 3053, 6-30 T... 223.98 13 448 223.98 17 10 184.5 0.410913 High
19 Kensington Primary School Education Centre -37.792524 144.927109 0 0 [] 80.48 12 168 80.48 5 0 0.0 0.000000 High

Pedestrian Demand vs Parking Capacity Analysis

To create these visualisations, we wrote code that automatically generated hourly charts for all landmarks with available pedestrian sensor data. First, we filtered the landmarks to only include those with sensor data (peak_pedestrian_count > 0). Then, for each landmark, we identified nearby pedestrian sensors within 400 metres and calculated the average pedestrian count for each hour of the day. Next, we retrieved the adjusted parking spaces for each landmark and plotted this as a red dashed line across the chart to indicate parking capacity. The hourly pedestrian counts were plotted as blue lines with dots, showing how foot traffic changes throughout the day. Finally, we used subplots to display multiple landmarks side by side, making it easy to compare pedestrian demand and parking supply across different locations. This automated approach allows us to efficiently visualise and assess parking adequacy for all monitored landmarks.

By plotting pedestrian activity throughout the day against the available parking spaces, we can observe how demand fluctuates and whether parking supply is sufficient during busy times.


Key Insights:

In summary, most landmarks generally have enough parking capacity during peak pedestrian times. However, smaller facilities and some schools may face challenges during peak hours. These areas may require further monitoring or parking management solutions.

Data visualisation

Interactive Map of landmark accessibility

This interactive map visualises key public landmarks in Melbourne—such as hospitals, schools, and community facilities—alongside parking and pedestrian activity data.

What the Map Shows:

  1. City Centered View
    The map is centered on Melbourne’s CBD using its geographic coordinates (latitude: -37.8136, longitude: 144.9631) for a clear view of the city.

  2. Landmark Markers
    Each landmark is marked with a colored icon:

    • Blue marker: There is pedestrian sensor data available for this location.
    • Gray marker: No pedestrian data is available.

    Clicking on any marker shows key details:

    • Name of the location
    • Type (e.g., hospital, school)
    • Number of nearby public car parks
    • Estimated parking space availability
    • Average pedestrian count (if available)
    • Peak pedestrian hour (if available)
  3. Sensor Locations
    Green circles show the locations of pedestrian sensors, helping to visualise where foot traffic is being monitored.



Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook

This map shows important public landmarks in Melbourne,like hospitals, schools, and libraries along with useful information about parking and pedestrian activity nearby. Each blue marker represents one of these landmarks. When you click on a marker, a box pops up with these details, which are type, nearby public car parks, total parking spaces, avg pedestrian count, and peak hour.

Parking Demand and Public Transport Access in Melbourne

This interactive map gives a clearer picture of how busy certain areas are and how well they are supported by public transport. It focuses on landmarks with valid pedestrian sensor data, and it also shows the locations of bus and tram stops.


What This Map Shows

  1. Landmarks with Parking Demand Risk
    • Each landmark is marked with a colored icon based on parking demand risk:
      • Red = High demand (likely parking shortage)
      • Orange = Moderate demand
      • Green = Low demand
      • Gray = Unknown or missing data
    • Clicking a marker shows:
      • Name and type of the place (e.g., hospital, university)
      • Peak pedestrian count (how many people walk past at the busiest time)
      • Estimated available parking spaces
      • Risk level for parking demand
  2. Bus and Tram Stops
    • Orange dots show bus stops near landmarks.
    • Purple dots show tram stops nearby.
    • These help assess if public transport is available as an alternative to car parking.
  3. Custom Legend
    • A built-in legend explains all the marker colors clearly, helping users interpret the map without needing extra guidance.

Key insight

This map turns complex urban data into an easy-to-understand, visual story that can help shape smarter transport and planning strategies in Melbourne.

Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook

Parking demand summary

This code groups landmarks based on their parking demand risk level (High, Moderate, or Low) and list the names of landmarks under each category. It helps present the data in a simple, structured format that makes it easy for stakeholders to quickly understand which locations face the highest pressure for parking and where improvements might be needed.

### Parking Demand Summary

#### High Risk
- Carlton Primary School
- Kensington Primary School

#### Moderate Risk
- The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital
- Kangan Batman Tafe
- University of Melbourne (VCA and Music)

#### Low Risk
- Carlton Gardens Primary School
- RMIT University
- University of Melbourne
- Royal Dental Hospital
- State Library Victoria


Public Transport Access Near High Parking Demand Landmarks

This analysis identifies public landmarks in Melbourne that have high parking demand and checks whether they are well-served by public transport.

What this step does:

Key insight:

By checking how many public transport options are close to high-demand locations, we can:

This helps ensure that busy landmarks are not just car-dependent but have practical and sustainable travel alternatives.

Conclusion

Risk Level Landmarks
High - Carlton Primary School
- Kensington Primary School
Moderate - The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital
- Kangan Batman Tafe
- University of Melbourne (VCA and Music)
Low - Carlton Gardens Primary School
- RMIT University
- University of Melbourne
- Royal Dental Hospital

The parking demand analysis grouped healthcare and educational landmarks into three risk levels—high, moderate, and low—based on the ratio between adjusted parking spaces and peak pedestrian activity. Carlton Primary School and Kensington Primary School were classified as high-risk areas, indicating a potential parking shortage during peak times. These sites would benefit from either expanding public parking or encouraging the use of nearby public transportation to reduce car dependency.

Landmarks like The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, Kangan Batman TAFE, and University of Melbourne (VCA and Music) fell into the moderate-risk category. While their parking conditions are not critical, these areas could face issues as demand increases. Measures such as promoting alternative transport options or monitoring peak usage patterns could help prevent future shortages.

In contrast, Carlton Gardens Primary School, RMIT University, University of Melbourne, and Royal Dental Hospital were assessed as low risk. These locations appear to have adequate parking relative to current pedestrian activity. No immediate interventions are necessary, but ongoing monitoring is recommended to ensure demand remains balanced with supply.

Public transport access plays a crucial role in supporting parking demand management. The analysis showed that high-risk landmarks vary significantly in their access to nearby bus and tram stops. For instance, Carlton Primary School is well-connected to both tram and bus networks, while Kensington Primary School has limited access. Strengthening public transport options near high-demand areas can provide effective alternatives to driving, easing pressure on parking infrastructure and enhancing overall accessibility.

Recommendations

These insights and actions aim to promote a balanced, equitable, and sustainable approach to urban parking management in Melbourne.